Reference / Sunni fara'id
Inheritance decision reference
A searchable account of the relatives Raashid models, the conditions behind their shares, and the points where the four schools differ. This is a reference to the calculator’s current behavior, not a substitute for a qualified scholar’s ruling.
Raashid was developed to make Islamic inheritance accessible to everyone through a straightforward, user-friendly app, supported by AI-assisted research, cross-checking and testing of its rules. It is not designed to account for every rare edge case; when an exceptional situation occurs during use, it is clearly marked in the results. For rare or complex cases, we recommend consulting directly with a qualified Islamic scholar.
Looking for a scholar? We are building a directory of Islamic scholars confirmed as knowledgeable in inheritance and willing to accept consultation cases — connect with an Islamic scholar (coming soon).
Questions, discrepancies or possible errors? Please use the feedback form below. We continually review corrections and work to improve accuracy.
Visual decision tree
A full-size, color-coded PDF with heir branches, four-school comparisons and numbered references.
01 / Order of operations
From estate to individual shares
- 01
Establish the estate
Gross estate − debts − funeral expenses = balance. An eligible bequest is capped at one third of that balance; the remainder becomes the net distributable estate. [2][14]
- 02
Check eligibility
Identify the entered relatives; nearer heirs can block more distant ones. A blocked relative is listed with the reason in the result. [13]
- 03
Assign fixed portions
Fixed fractions are fractions of the whole net estate, computed together rather than one after another from what is left. The exceptions are the mother's third of the remainder in the 'Umariyyatayn and the grandfather's third-of-remainder option; residuary heirs take whatever remains. [1][2][3][5][7][8]
- 04
Resolve the balance
Exact total, residuary remainder, proportional reduction ('awl), or surplus return (radd)/treasury, depending on the family and selected school. [4][15][10][11]
Exact
Fixed portions = 1
Example: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. Nothing is left to distribute.
Residue / 'asabah
Fixed portions < 1; residuary exists
Example: 1 − 1/8 = 7/8 for eligible residuary heirs.
'Awl
Fixed portions > 1
Example: 1/2 + 2/3 = 7/6; multiply each portion by 6/7, giving 3/7 + 4/7 = 1.
Radd / treasury
Fixed portions < 1; no residuary
The surplus returns to eligible non-spouse heirs in Hanafi/Hanbali, or to the treasury in the classical Maliki/Shafi'i setting.
02 / Search the rules
Heir decision table
Shares describe the initial entitlement. 'Awl, radd and other present heirs can change the final fraction. ◆ School difference marks a row with a relevant divergence; read its note before relying on the result.
17 of 17 entries
| Heir | Initial share | When / condition | What changes | Excluded by / limits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HusbandSpouses | 1/2; 1/4 | 1/2 without children; 1/4 with a son or daughter. | A child reduces the fixed portion; the spouse does not take residuary shares. | Not excluded by another heir.[2] |
| Wife / wivesSpouses | 1/4; 1/8 | 1/4 without children; 1/8 with children. Multiple wives divide this one portion equally. | A child reduces the collective portion, not a separate portion for each wife. | Not excluded by another heir.[2][16] |
| SonDescendants | Residue | Takes the remainder after fixed shares, sharing with daughters at 2:1. | If fixed shares exhaust the estate, no residue remains. | Not excluded by another heir in the modeled family.[1][4] |
| DaughterDescendants | 1/2; 2/3 together; residue | One daughter without sons: 1/2. Two or more without sons: 2/3 jointly. With sons: share the remainder at 1:2 per daughter/son. | A son turns her fixed share into a residuary share. | Not excluded by another heir in the modeled family.[1] |
| MotherAscendants | 1/3; 1/6; 1/3 of remainder | 1/6 with children or two or more siblings; otherwise 1/3. With spouse and father, no children and fewer than two siblings, 1/3 of what remains after spouse. | The last situation is the 'Umariyyatayn; even blocked siblings count toward the two-sibling reduction. | Not excluded by another heir.[1][7] |
| FatherAscendants | 1/6; residue | 1/6 with children; without sons also takes the residue. With no children he takes the residue. | May appear as both a fixed-share and a residuary line in the result. | Not excluded by another heir.[1][4] |
| Paternal grandfather◆ School differenceAscendants | 1/6; residue; sharing | When father is absent: 1/6 with children, plus residue if no sons. Without children, inherits residue or shares with siblings under the majority schools. | Hanafi: excludes siblings. Shafi'i/Maliki/Hanbali: without children, best of sharing as a brother, 1/3 of remainder, or 1/6 of estate where fixed heirs exist. Important: The calculator does not implement mu'adda when full and paternal siblings coexist; with daughters, the majority-school grandfather/sibling variant needs scholarly review. | Father excludes him.[1][8][4] |
| Maternal grandmotherAscendants | 1/6 jointly | If mother is absent, takes 1/6 alone or splits it equally with the eligible paternal grandmother (1/12 each). | A living father does not block the maternal grandmother in the modeled case. | Mother excludes her.[5][13] |
| Paternal grandmother◆ School differenceAscendants | 1/6 jointly | If mother and father are absent, takes 1/6 alone or splits it with the maternal grandmother. | Hanbali jurists may allow the father's mother alongside a living father; Raashid shows majority-rule figures but flags only the Hanbali result as provisional. Important: Hanbali father/grandmother exception is documented, not calculated. Ask a scholar to review this family. | Mother excludes her; the calculated majority-rule distribution excludes her when father lives.[5][12] |
| Maternal sibling(s)◆ School differenceSiblings | 1/6 alone; 1/3 together | Without children or a father/paternal grandfather: one takes 1/6; two or more share 1/3 equally, without a 2:1 distinction. | In the mushtaraka case Maliki/Shafi'i include full siblings in this third. | Any son or daughter, father, or eligible paternal grandfather blocks them.[2][9] |
| Full brother◆ School differenceSiblings | Residue | Without a son or father, takes the remainder; with full sisters they share at 2:1. | With a grandfather but no children: Hanafi blocks; other schools share. In mushtaraka: Maliki/Shafi'i share maternal siblings' 1/3 equally; Hanafi/Hanbali get no residue. | Son, father, or Hanafi grandfather; or no remainder after fixed shares.[3][4][8][9] |
| Full sister◆ School differenceSiblings | 1/2; 2/3 together; residue | No full brother or daughter: one 1/2, two or more 2/3 together. With a full brother: residuary at 1:2. With daughters: residuary alongside them. | Grandfather-sharing differs by school when no children; other complex combinations need individual review. | Son, father, or Hanafi grandfather; or no residue in a residuary situation.[3][6][8] |
| Paternal brother◆ School differenceSiblings | Residue | Without a closer male heir or full siblings, takes remainder; shares with paternal sisters at 2:1. | Grandfather-sharing differs by school when no children. | Son, father, full brother, full sister residuary with daughters, or Hanafi grandfather; or no residue.[3][4][8] |
| Paternal sister◆ School differenceSiblings | 1/2; 2/3 together; 1/6 completion; residue | Without full siblings: one 1/2, two or more 2/3 together. With one full sister: 1/6 jointly to complete 2/3. With paternal brothers or daughters: may be residuary. | Grandfather-sharing differs by school when no children. | Son, father, full brother, full sister residuary with daughters, two full sisters, or Hanafi grandfather.[3][6][8] |
| Father's full brother (uncle)Other heirs | Residue | Takes remainder equally with other father's full brothers if no modeled closer male-line heir is present. | Precedes the father's paternal half-brother. Important: Nephews and male cousins are not modeled; their presence may change who receives the residue. | Son, father, grandfather, full or paternal brother; or no remainder.[4][13] |
| Father's paternal half-brother (uncle)Other heirs | Residue | Takes remainder equally with other such uncles, only if no father's full brother qualifies. | Ranks after the father's full brother. Important: Nephews and male cousins are not modeled; their presence may change who receives the residue. | Son, father, grandfather, brother, father's full brother; or no remainder.[4][13] |
| Public treasury (bayt al-mal)◆ School differenceOther heirs | Unclaimed surplus | Under the calculator's classical Maliki/Shafi'i setting, receives surplus when fixed shares leave a balance and there is no residuary. | Hanafi/Hanbali instead return surplus proportionally to non-spouse fixed heirs (radd). Later Maliki/Shafi'i practice may allow radd without an effective treasury. Important: Not a family heir; treasury allocation and local practice require scholarly review. | No surplus exists when fixed shares exhaust the estate or a residuary takes it.[10][11] |
On narrow screens, swipe the table horizontally to read all conditions.
03 / Comparative fiqh
Where the four schools differ
Each highlighted row is a school-sensitive branch. These are positions modeled or documented by Raashid, not a claim that every possible disagreement is calculated.
| Question | Hanafi | Maliki | Shafi'i | Hanbali |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◆ Grandfather + siblings, no children Mu'adda with mixed full/paternal siblings is not implemented. [8] | Grandfather excludes siblings | Grandfather shares (muqasama) | Grandfather shares (muqasama) | Grandfather shares (muqasama) |
| ◆ Surplus, no residuary Later Maliki/Shafi'i rulings may permit radd if no effective treasury exists. [10][11] | Radd to non-spouse heirs | Classical: treasury | Classical: treasury | Radd to non-spouse heirs |
| ◆ Mushtaraka Applies only to the specified husband, maternal siblings, mother/grandmother and full brothers configuration. [9] | Full brothers receive no residue | Share maternal third equally | Share maternal third equally | Full brothers receive no residue |
| ◆ Paternal grandmother with father The calculator records her as blocked under the majority view; the Hanbali result is flagged as provisional and needs scholarly review. [12] | Blocked | Blocked | Blocked | May inherit — not calculated |
Green tint follows the Hanafi baseline; gold tint marks a differing position. Text always states the position independently of color.
04 / Scope
When to seek individual review
Relatives not modeled. Unborn children, grandchildren through a predeceased child, nephews, cousins, maternal grandfathers, aunts and other distant kin may change the distribution. Their presence makes the result provisional; do not distribute on that basis alone.
School-specific limits. The Hanbali paternal-grandmother/father exception, mixed full and paternal siblings with a grandfather (mu'adda), and majority-school grandfather/sibling cases with daughters are not fully calculated. Consult a qualified scholar for these families.
Bequests and local law. A bequest to an heir normally requires the other heirs' consent. Country-specific taxes, court process and statutory rules appear as separate local-law notes and do not replace the primary fara'id shares. Read the case result for any additional notes.
No family heir or only spouse. If no eligible heir is entered, Raashid cannot distribute the estate. If only a spouse is entered and surplus remains, the result flags that surplus for scholarly review rather than silently assigning it to the spouse.
05 / Notes & authorities
References
Footnotes link each rule to its primary authority or a recognized juristic precedent. Hadith numbers follow commonly used digital numbering and may differ among printed editions.
- [1] Quran, An-Nisa 4:11. Children's 2:1 ratio; daughters' fixed portions; parents' sixth and mother's third or sixth.
- [2] Quran, An-Nisa 4:12. Spouses' portions, maternal siblings, and distribution after debts and bequests.
- [3] Quran, An-Nisa 4:176. Full and paternal sisters' fixed portions and the male/female sibling 2:1 ratio.
- [4] Sahih al-Bukhari 6732; Sahih Muslim 1615, Kitab al-Fara'id. Give fixed shares first; the remainder belongs to the nearest eligible male relative. Numbering can differ by edition.
- [5] Sunan Abi Dawud 2894; Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2100, Kitab al-Fara'id. Report of al-Mughira and Muhammad ibn Maslama concerning the grandmother's sixth; eligible grandmothers share it.
- [6] Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Fara'id, report of Ibn Mas'ud. Daughter receives one half, son's daughter one sixth, and sister the remainder; foundation for sisters as residuaries with daughters and completion of two-thirds.
- [7] Ruling of Umar ibn al-Khattab ('Umariyyatayn). With spouse and both parents, mother receives one third of the balance after spouse. Accepted across the four schools.
- [8] Zayd ibn Thabit's grandfather-and-siblings method; see al-Mughni, Kitab al-Fara'id. Majority-school sharing; Hanafis follow the position attributed to Abu Bakr and Ibn Abbas that the grandfather excludes siblings.
- [9] Umar's later ruling in al-mushtaraka; see al-Mughni, Kitab al-Fara'id. Maliki/Shafi'i share the maternal third with eligible full siblings; Hanafi/Hanbali do not.
- [10] Quran 8:75; rulings attributed to Ali and Ibn Mas'ud. Kin have priority in the Hanafi/Hanbali proportional return of surplus, excluding spouses in this implementation.
- [11] Position of Zayd ibn Thabit; classical Maliki and Shafi'i manuals. Surplus without residuary goes to bayt al-mal in the classical view. Later jurists may apply radd where no functioning treasury exists.
- [12] Ibn Mas'ud's report; Ibn Qudamah, al-Mughni, Kitab al-Fara'id. Hanbali exception allowing a paternal grandmother with a living father; this branch is not yet calculated by Raashid.
- [13] Quran 4:11–12, 4:176; Bukhari 6732; Muslim 1615. Nearer eligible relatives may exclude more distant relatives; the exact blocker is shown in each case result.
- [14] Sahih al-Bukhari 2742; Sahih Muslim 1628, Kitab al-Wasaya. A third — and a third is much. Debts and reasonable funeral expenses are accounted for before the bequest cap and shares.
- [15] Umar ibn al-Khattab's ruling on 'awl. When fixed shares exceed one whole estate, reduce them all proportionally.
- [16] Classical consensus on multiple wives' collective share. Multiple wives divide the Quranic wife's portion; each does not receive that fraction individually.
For expanded textual excerpts and classical manuals, see the scholarly source index.
We strive to continually improve Raashid and would love to hear your feedback, corrections or advice. or rate your experience.